Ranger History - Operation Eagle Claw/Desert One: The Iranian Crisis The frustrating pattern of activating then deactivating
Ranger units after the current crisis had past came to a halt in 1973. Army Chief of Staff General Abrams called for the establishment
of a permanent Ranger presence in the Army - the 1st Ranger Battalion was activated on February 8, 1974 at Fort Stewart, Georgia
after originally forming at Fort Benning. The 2nd Ranger Battalion would be formed on October 1, 1974. The 1st Battalion would
establish headquarters at Hunter Army Airfield, Georgia, while 2nd Battalion would settle at Fort Lewis, Washington.
The ill-fated attempt to rescue the American Embassy personnel held hostage in Teheran, Iran, code-named Desert One, was
primarily a Special Forces Operation. It is not generally known that Rangers were also to take part. While 1st Special Forces
Operational Detachment Delta was to perform the actual rescue, Company C, 1st Battalion, 75th Infantry Regiment (Ranger),
was to provide security for the men and equipment. The Rangers knew the mission as "Operation Eagle Claw".
The rescue force assembled in Egypt on 21 April 1980. Three days later, a fleet of C-141s carried the 120 man force to
Masirah Island, off the coast of Oman, where they transferred to three MC-130s accompanied by three fuel bearing EC-130s.
They landed 200 miles southeast of Teheran at 2200 hours and waited for the arrival of eight RH-53D Sea Stallion helicopters
from the aircraft carrier Nimitz. A twelve man road watch team, composed primarily of Rangers, was along to secure the site
while the helicopters refueled. the team would return to Egypt on one of the MC-130s. Delta was to be flown to a
hide site before dawn on 25 April by the RH-53Ds, which would remain at their own hide site until the assault on the compound
where the hostages were held. The plan was to use the helicopters to ferry the hostages to waiting transport. The
task of C 1/75, was to secure a landing area for the transports. The Rangers were to fly from Egypt to Manazariyeh, Iran,
and take the airfield there. They would land, if possible, or jump if resistance was offered. Once the airfield,
which was thirty-five miles south of Teheran, was secure, the Rangers would hold it while C-141s arrived to airlift the hostages
and their rescuers back to Egypt. The Rangers would then "dry up," or remove all signs of their presence, render
the field useless, and be airlifted out themselves. Taking and securing a hostile airfield within enemy territory
is one of the primary components of the Ranger mission. They were prepared to hold the field as long as necessary if there
were not enough transports to take everyone out in one trip. During training, the Rangers worked out all probable scenarios
on a mock-up of the type of airfield in Iran. Desert One was aborted at the first stage when the mission suffered
excessive mechanical problems and lost too many helicopters to continue the mission. After the abort order, one of the RH-53D
choppers crashed into a C130, creating a huge fireball. Five Air Force crewmen and three Marines perished. A second mission
was never attempted. This account is located at: http://www.ranger.org/history/iran.htm
MAJOR RICHARD MEADOWS (Ret.) A SPECIAL FORCES LEGEND
by David C. Martin
When Dick Meadows joined the Army at 15, lying about his age to escape
the poverty and cruelty of his Appalachian upbringing, he boasted with adolescent bravado that he would be dead before
he turned 19. During more than 30 years with the Army, from Korea to Vietnam to Teheran, Meadows seemed to court that
death assiduously. His military record is one of unstinted daring and bravery. During two tours in Indochina, he led more than
two dozen missions behind enemy lines, four into North Vietnam and the rest in Laos, calling in air strikes on the Ho Chi
Minh trail, capturing North Vietnamese soldiers for interrogation, killing others at point-blank range. And he never
lost a man. "He made people feel they could do anything and goddam do it," says Billy Joe Anthony, who followed Meadows
into both North Vietnam and Laos. "If he went out with us, he was coming back with us." Meadows's extraordinary combat
record earned him a rare battlefield commission to captain and virtually every decoration a U.S. soldier can win, except
the Congressional Medal of Honor and, because he was never gravely wounded, the Purple Heart. "If he hadn't done so many
things that are classified, he'd have been the most decorated soldier in the Army," says retired Col. Elliott Sydnor,
who joined Meadows on the abortive attempt to rescue POW's at Son Tay, North Vietnam. Those who know Meadows were not surprised
to learn that he was point man in Teheran. "I can categorically say Dick Meadows is the finest soldier I have ever served
with," says Col. James Morris, director of Special Forces training at Fort Bragg, N.C. "I'd follow him anywhere."
For days he loitered outside, the U.S. Embassy in Teheran, gazing at
the compound walls, the chained gates, the sleeping guards. Sometimes he drove far into the desert, then returned to
pound the pavements of Teheran on foot. According to the Arya Sheraton Hotel registry, he was Richard H. Keith, a ruggedly
handsome Irish citizen working for a European auto company. In fact, he was Richard J. Meadows, 47, a highly decorated,
retired Green Beret whose task was to case the embassy wall for penetration points, to search for booby traps and to
serve as point man for the climax of Operation Rice Bowl--the dramatic but doomed attempt to rescue 53 American hostages.
Meadows, code name "Esquire," was one of at least seven American operatives who slipped into Teheran before the rescue
attempt ended in flames at a remote rendezvous called Desert One--leaving the undercover agents with their cover stories
in tatters and their lives at stake. Meadows has refused to talk about his secret mission to Teheran, but after hours of interviews
with other participants in the rescue effort--including Col. Charles (Chargin' Charlie) Beckwith, the ground-force commander--NEWSWEEK has
pieced together the most detailed account yet disclosed of the preparations to free the hostages in Teheran. Among the
findings:
* The rescue team was ready to leave for Teheran without a clear picture
of just where the captive Americans were being held within the embassy compound. It was only four hours before the commandos
left Egypt for Iran that they learned--by pure chance--where the hostages were held in the chancellery building.
* Two days before the rescue attempt, U.S. operatives in Teheran began
to fear that one of their key hide-outs had been uncovered by Iranian officials. A reference to the hide-out in documents
later abandoned at Desert One could well have tipped Iranian officials to the real identity of Meadows and the other
undercover agents.
* Despite President Jimmy Carter's desire that casualties be kept to
a minimum, the raiders themselves expected considerable bloodshed--with an Iranian death toll mounting into the "hundreds"
even if the operation went smoothly according to plan.
* The most crucial step of the rescue effort--a helicopter landing inside Teheran--was
never adequately rehearsed, and to this day the commandos hold a grudge against the Marine helicopter pilots. Beckwith
later told friends that he nearly drew his pistol on the commander of the pilots, whom he denounced as "cowards."
The aborted rescue mission left eight men dead and raised a host of controversial
questions about the planning, preparation and execution involved. An extensive Pentagon investigation was subsequently
conducted, but both Beckwith and point man Meadows believe that at least some aspects of the mission should be scrutinized
again. Retired Adm. Stansfield Turner, CIA director at the time of the rescue effort, has already called for new top-level
inquiries with an eye to future crises.
Both Beckwith and Meadows were involved with the rescue effort from its first
day--Nov. 4, 1979--when the U.S. Embassy in Teheran was taken over by Iranian militants. Beckwith was commander of a special
Army anti-terrorist unit called Delta that had just concluded a major field exercise in Georgia and won official recognition
as the U.S. Government's primary strike force against terrorism. Meadows, although retired from an exceptional Army career in
1977, had been hired as a special consultant to Delta, and hemand Beckwith were celebrating their unit's new status by
"bustin' a bottle" with old buddies from the CIA and the Defense Intelligence Agency. A few hours later the bad news
from Teheran arrived. Beckwith groggily ordered Delta back to its base at Fort Bragg, N.C., by the fastest means available,
which turned out to be a convoy of rental cars.
'Somebody Ought to Burn': Meadows and another member of Beckwith's staff, Capt.
Lewis (Bucky) Burruss, were dispatched to Washington to draw up an emergency rescue plan, to be used if the Iranians started
killing their hostages. The first rough draft called for a lean team of 40 men. Beckwith pronounced the plan "ludicrous"
and informed Gen. David Jones, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, that its probability of success was "zero." Replied
Jones: "That is unacceptable." There were two overwhelming obstacles. For one thing, all of Delta's training had assumed
that foreign governments would invite Beckwith's men in to deal with terrorist incidents; in this case, they would have
to fight or sneak their way in. The other problem: there was no reliable intelligence on exactly where the hostages were
being held inside the 27-acre embassy compound. Beckwith calculated that his men would spend three or four hours searching
the fourteen buildings, and that kind of delay could be fatal. The awful truth was that the combined resources of the
Pentagon and the CIA had virtually no chance for an emergency rescue of the hostages. "If the United States of America ever
gets caught like that[again] with its pants down, I think somebody's ass ought to burn," Beckwith says now.
There was no immediate hope of getting better information on the whereabouts of
the hostages. The seizure of the embassy had left the CIA without a single agent in Iran. The only CIA officers there were
held hostage, and there were no alternative means of contacting the local agents they controlled. "There was no goddam
stay behind capability," says one of the mission planners.
The first CIA agent arrived in Teheran in late December: a retired intelligence
officer known as "Bob," a rough-hewn man in his 60s who lived in southern Europe and spoke a variety of languages--but
not Farsi. Bob worked "magic," according to one source. He would stay in the country for a few weeks and then shuttle
out to Athens or Rome for debriefing and new instructions. His fluid movements in and out of Iran confirmed the CIA analysis
that it was a snap to pass through customs and immigration at Teheran's Mehrabad Airport. "It was like a sieve," says one
of the mission planners.
Desert Two: Soon Bob was joined by another agent, a wealthy Iranian exile who
had offered his services to the CIA. While Bob gathered intelligence and reactivated the dormant local network, the Iranian
began to lay the groundwork for Beckwith's rescue mission. He purchased five English Ford trucks and two Mazda vans
to drive Delta into Teheran from Desert Two, a second staging area 50 miles southeast of the capital (map). He rented a warehouse
on the edge of the city where the trucks would be hidden. And he bought construction material for a facade on the rear
of each truck, to conceal the soldiers.
Bob and the Iranian were doing everything asked of them--except pinpointing the
location of the hostages inside the embassy--but Beckwith was not satisfied. "Charlie didn't like Bob, and the feeling
was mutual," says one source. As for the Iranian exile, he had no military experience and, because of his nationality,
there was always a latent suspicion that he might be working for the other side. "I hung up on one big thing: I ain't going
into the embassy unless one of my guys goes in early," Beckwith says now. "I'm not going to risk the lives of 97 people
on some guy I don't even know."
Several members of Delta tried out for the job of advance man in
Teheran; the CIA rejected them all as unqualified. Then Meadows volunteered.
After trying in vain to teach him Portuguese as a cover, the agency rejected Meadows,
too. "An amateur with poor cover, poor backup and poor training," said one CIA officer. But Meadows would not take "no"
for an answer; he said he would go to Teheran on his own if he had to. Finally, CIA director Stansfield Turner "reluctantly"
endorsed Meadows, one source said, but not before the agency hinting that Meadows could at least master a brogue.
Meanwhile, other American military men were slipping into Teheran. A
pair of German speaking Green Berets from West Beriin arrived to scout the Foreign Ministry. Two other U.S. servicemen
of Iranian extraction--one suffering from terminal cancer--were sent in to act as drivers for Meadows. Both men had
relatives in Iran and knew the territory well. However, one accidentally ran a roadblock with Meadows in his car, a close
call requiring several minutes of abject apologies to an outraged Iranian Army sergeant.
Volunteers: In addition, eight Iranian exiles were recruited in the United States
to fly in with Beckwith and drive the trucks that would carry Delta from Desert Two to the occupied U.S. Embassy. One of
the Iranian volunteers was a wealthy man who arrived at CIA headquarters in a chauffeur-driven Mercedes; he had to be
taught to use the stick shift he would find on his truck.
Meadows used his 30 years of military experience to make sure that an assault
plan hatched in Washington would actually work in the streets of Teheran. He reconnoitered the Desert Two landing site,
making sure that the operations of a nearby railroad line would not compromise the mission. He inspected the hillside
in the mountains north of Garmsar, where the helicopters would hunker down--hidden under camouflage netting and guarded by
soldiers armed with Redeye missiles--until summoned to the embassy to pick up the hostages. He drove every mile of the
route from Desert Two to the embassy, checking the timing of the plan. He walked every foot of the route through the
streets of Teheran, searching for potential dangers that satellite reconnaissance might have missed. He meticulously cased
the embassy, chatting with reporters and waving to the guards.
Meadows also visited the warehouse where the trucks were hidden and scouted out
a cool wadi near an abandoned salt mine at Garmsar where Beckwith's men could spend the daylight hours in hiding. Three
days before the rescue attempt he sent a message to Washington, assuring the planners that all was in order. Then, two
days before the attempt, the Iranian exile who had rented the warehouse got cold feet and left the country. Was it just
a case of nerves, or was Meadows being set up? Just 36 hours before the rescue mission was to begin, some Iranian workmen
dug a trench for a power line in front of the warehouse, cutting it off from the street. Meadows managed to con and
bribe the workmen into filling in the trench. But why had it been dug, really?
Take Cover: Despite such fears, there is no evidence the mission was
ever compromised, although there were some close calls. In the second week of April, when a CIA plane flew secretly
into Iran to sample the landing conditions at Desert One, no fewer than six vehicles drove past on a nearby road while
the agents were taking soil samples and installing remote-control beacons. In Egypt, where some 400 soldiers and airmen
along with their weapons and aircraft were based, all activities had to be carefully timed around the passage overhead
of a Soviet reconnaissance satellite. Each time the satellite passed over, the soldiers would take cover in an aircraft hangar.
If all had gone according to plan, Meadows would have met the assault
troops when they stepped off their helicopters at Desert Two just before dawn on April 25. After the commandos and their
helicopters were safely hidden, Meadows would drive to the warehouse with the eight Iranian volunteers who had flown
in from Egypt with Beckwith. The next night, Meadows and the Iranians would take the trucks to Desert Two, pick up the
raiders and head for the U.S. Embassy in a ragged single file, carefully skirting the working-class neighborhoods of
Teheran, the watchful hotbeds of Ayatollah Khomeini's revolution. Fifteen minutes before the actual assault, Meadows would
take Beckwith on a "leader's recon" of the embassy wall, giving the Delta commander his one and only firsthand look at
the target. Beckwith would bring a weapon for Meadows, who planned to go over the wall with the rest of the commandos.
Each of Beckwith's men wore combat boots, Levi jeans, a flak vest, a
GI jacket dyed black and a Navy watch cap. On each jacket sleeve, an American flag was hidden by a piece of tape that
could be torn off once the attackers were inside the compound. Men with blond hair had dyed it black. Counting his weapons
and gear, each soldier weighed about 270 pounds. Depending on their mission, they were armed with German-made HK2l burp
guns, M79 grenade launchers or M60 machine guns. They brought yellow plastic thongs to tie up any hostage who refused
to be rescued. The raiders also carried gas masks, but only in case the Iranians used gas. Contrary to some reports, Delta
had no plans to use an incapacitating gas against the embassy guards.
The biggest unanswered question was the exact location of the hostages inside
the embassy compound. The more buildings Beckwith's raiders would have to search, the longer they would have to stay on
the ground.
There were no extra troops to throw into the search; the 97 men in
the assault team represented all of Delta's fully qualified members. The CIA had narrowed the search to four buildings--the
chancellery, the ambassador's home, another official residence and an intelligence building known as "the mushroom," but no
one knew how many hostages were in which building or in which rooms.
Then, just four hours before the attackers left Egypt in the C-130s
that carried them to Desert One, Beckwith was awakened and told that the problem had been solved--thanks to an all but
unbelievable stroke of luck.
Sheer Luck: Three days before the rescue mission was to take place, the Iranians
had allowed the U.S. Embassy's Pakistani cook to leave the compound and board a plane out of the country. Why the Iranians
let him go is a mystery; the cook had been inside the embassy since it was seized and, as an employee of the United
States, he reasonably could be expected to tell the CIA everything he knew. The CIA did not know that the cook had been
set free. But on the plane, by sheer luck, he sat next to a deep-cover CIA agent--and remarked that he had been cooking
for the hostages. As soon as the plane landed outside Iran, the CIA man whisked the cook away for interrogation. He
reported that "most if not all" of the hostages were being held in the chancellery building and provided mission planners
with very precise information on the deployment of guards there: one on each floor, with two others in an armory on
each floor. The cook's report made it possible for Beckwith to concentrate his attention and his firepower on the chancellery.
Delta's tactics were simple and direct. A few small teams would set up
M60 machine guns to cover the streets leading to the embassy. The rest of the assault force would scale the wall on
aluminum ladders and charge the chancellery building, firing their weapons on automatic. Beckwith was not worried about
the militants who guarded the hostages. They had little or no military training and carried only one magazine of ammunition
each. "They were a bunch of red-hot college students, and most of them didn't know the muzzle end from the butt end
of a rifle," says a mission planner. Beckwith did not expect the guards to shoot their hostages. Intelligence reports said that
Persians have a tradition of sparing their prisoners, and Beckwith knew from his own experience that the instinctive reaction
of the guards would be to fire at their attackers, not the hostages. Once Delta opened up, Beckwith said recently, the
guards "would have run like hell out the front door, and when they did, they would have been hosed."
Sleeping Guards: The attackers also expected no trouble from the pasdaran, the
revolutionary militia who manned sandbagged positions outside the embassy wall. Meadows had checked them out and found
that half of them slept on watch while the other half stood behind their sandbags with their heads and shoulders exposed
and their rifles leaning against the wall.
The raiders expected Iranian casualties to be high. In addition to
Beckwith's firepower on the ground, American C-130 gunships would circle overhead, ready to pour thousands of rounds
of cannon fire into the streets below. The planners thought hundreds of Iranian soldiers and civilians might die during
the rescue mission.
Before Delta left the United States, President Carter asked Beckwith
whether he expected any of the hostages to be killed in the cross fire. Beckwith said his only fear was that once the
shooting started, some of the hostages would overpower their guards and take their weapons. If that happened, Beckwith
warned, he couldn't promise that his men would not gun down an armed hostage by mistake.
Contrary to most reports published after the mission, Beckwith wanted
to land at least one big Sea Stallion helicopter inside the compound to pick up all 50 hostages-alive or dead. A sweatband
with luminescent tape would be placed on each hostage so that Beckwith could be sure of an accurate count. The hostages
would be flown to Manzariyeh, about 50 miles south of Teheran, where a deserted airstrip secured by another raiding party
would be used to launch them out of the country aboard transport planes. Meanwhile, Beckwith's men would blow a hole
in the embassy wall with.40 pounds of explosives and race across Roosevelt Avenue to a soccer stadium, where they would
be picked up by other choppers. Beckwith had chosen the sports arena because it could be defended easily by placing men
around the rim of the stadium. And if the Iranians attacked in human waves, they could be massacred by the gunships
circling overhead.
The whole plan came to grief, of course, at Desert One. With three of
the eight Sea Stallions out of action, Beckwith was forced to abort the mission. Then one of the helicopters crashed
into a tanker plane after refueling; the resulting fireball killed eight Americans and badly burned four others. The raiders
and pilots fled back to Egypt aboard the C-130s, leaving Dick Meadows and his fellow spies in deep trouble.
Sorry Display: To this day, the Delta commandos hold a grudge against
the Marine helicopter pilots. "If you're going to do these kinds of things, you better have the right cuts of cloth
in pilots," Beckwith says. "If you ask me would I do it again with that crowd, the answer would be absolutely no." According
to other sources close to Delta, the pilots did not acquit themselves well in training. They had no appreciation for secrecy;
they called their wives over open phone lines and left codes lying around. One source called the final dress rehearsal
in March 1980 "the sorriest display of professionalism I've ever seen." According to this source, when the helicopters
rehearsed the nighttime landing at Desert Two, they set down as much as a mile apart.
Whatever the case, the actual mission quickly went wrong. Flying into
Iran from the carrier U.S.S. Nimitz, one helicopter went down and another lost its way in a dust storm and returned
to the carrier. A third reached Desert One but was found to have an irreparable malfunction. Already so late that he
could not reach Desert Two before first light, Beckwith was left with five choppers and an operational plan that said he
needed six. In addition, some of the pilots were badly shaken by the ordeal of flying six hours through swiriing dust.
According to Beckwith, the pilot of the first helicopter to arrive at Desert One told him that if they had any sense they would
abandon their choppers in the desert and fly home. The pilot of the second chopper to arrive got out of his aircraft and
staggered 200 yards out into the desert. When Beckwith and his men caught up with him, he said, "You have no idea what
I've just been through." Chargin' Chariie later told friends that he was so angry he nearly drew his pistol on the commander
of the helicopter pilots.
Beckwith now says he could have pulled off the rescue with only two helicopters-one
for the hostages and the other to shuttle Delta to the nearby airstrip at Manzariyeh. Then why did he need six operational helicopters
at Desert One? Because his opinion of the pilots was so low that he expected further accidents. "If we didn't have six,"
he told NEWSWEEK, "we wouldn't have ended up with two... I believed we would lose two helos in the [soccer] stadium"
alone. The plan called for two choppers to land there simultaneously, but the pilots had never rehearsed landing inside
a stadium.
Beckwith had recommended a practice session at a stadium near Fort Carson, Colo., but the idea had been vetoed
for reasons of security. Instead, the pilots practiced landing on a grid the size of the stadium, but according to one
source, they never got it right. This same source confirms Beckwith's estimate that two choppers would have been enough
at the embassy, although he points out that a third was needed to pick up the three hostages at the Foreign Ministry.
'Cowards': When Beckwith returned to the United States after the failure
of his mission, he sent what one source described as a "brutal" message to General Jones complaining about the performance
of the pilots. Then, in an angry confrontation with Maj. Gen. James Vaught, over-all commander of the rescue operation,
he called the pilots "cowards."
NEWSWEEK was unable to speak with any of the pilots, but "coward" is obviously
the wrong word to use about men who flew long distances at low altitude in the middle of the night through dangerous and
unexpected dust storms. It is a word Beckwith seems to have used indiscriminately, calling his own men "cowards" for
not going back into the flaming C-130 to retrieve their rucksacks. Beckwith himself is not immune to criticism. A postmortem directed
by former Chief of Naval Operations James Holloway found that the original plan envisioned a force of 80; several sources
blame Beckwith for allowing the roster to grow, placing ever greater demands on the helicopters. "Beckwith escalated
the size of the force out of all proportion to what was needed," a critic says. Another source blames Beckwith for having
"lost his cool" in the desert--sitting on the ground with his head in his hands crying, "I failed, I failed." Still, Holloway's
postmortem concluded that there was "not a shred of evidence of culpable neglect or incompetence" on the part of anyone
involved with the mission.
But there was one instance of serious neglect that could have cost the
U.S. agents in Teheran their lives. After the C-130 tanker plane went up in flames, the pilots abandoned their helicopters,
leaving behind their secret maps, reconnaissance photographs, call signs and lists of radio frequencies.
No one blames the pilots for leaving that material behind; the heat from the burning C-130 was intense, and ammunition
was beginning to explode. But the pictures and documents were highly classified, and on his way out of Iran, Beckwith
urged Vaught to call in a carrier air strike to destroy the choppers that had been left behind. That proposal was rejected
by Washington in an effort to preserve the fiction that the rescue attempt was intended to be a bloodless humanitarian
mission.
The real negligence in all this was that the pilots' maps showed the location
of the warehouse Meadows was using on the outskirts of Teheran. The pilots had no need to know the location, since their
choppers would never go to the warehouse. That one oversight would have given an efficient police force all the information
it needed to round up the CIA agents who had gone into Teheran before the rescue mission.
With the mission in ruins, Meadows had to return to that warehouse to collect
an agent he had left on guard. Atmospheric conditions had interrupted his satellite communications link with the mission
command post in Egypt, so Meadows was late in getting word that the rescue attempt had been scrubbed. Dawn had already
broken Friday by the time he made his way back to the city, his clothes covered with desert grit. The next day things looked
worse; the Iranians had found the maps left at Desert One, and it was only a matter of time before they would start asking
questions about strangers who had been hanging around the warehouse.
Meadows's "Richard Keith" cover, never very good, was now in tatters.
He had three choices: to go overland to the Turkish border, to go to Abadan on the Persian Gulf and call in a helicopter
or to try to get out through Teheran's international airport.
Safety: On Sunday night he went to the airport--"fully expecting to be picked
up," according to one source--and without incident boarded a commercial flight to safety in Ankara, the Turkish capital.
Eventually all of the agents in Teheran made it to safety. One of the servicemen of Iranian extraction did not get out
for more than a week. He fled to Abadan, and plans were being made to pick him up by helicopter when suddenly he appeared in
Frankfurt, West Germany, aboard a commercial flight.
Could the rescue mission have worked? After the hostages were finally released
and it became clear how accurate the CIA's fix on them had been in the end, Beckwith's deputy, Bucky Burruss, wept openly.
"Goddam, boss," he said. "It would be a piece of cake." But the mission failed before reaching that point, and many
experts believe it was simply too complex, insufficiently rehearsed and inadequately coordinated among a hodgepodge of units
from different services.
Teamwork and training are all-important for such "special operations,"
but they take time and money. The Israelis understand this, as their success at Entebbe makes clear. In the United States,
special operations must compete for funds with nuclear and conventional forces--which get more attention from politicians
and military planners. But as retired Col. Richard Dutton, former boss of the Air Force special warfare school, likes to
ask: "How many special operations can you afford to lose?" For Jimmy Carter and the eight Americans who died in the
Iranian desert, one was too many.
Violence: Iran is a far piece from the hollow near the junction of Johnson and
Ugliest creeks in the Virginia hills where Meadows was born in 1932 in a one-room, dirt-floor shack without plumbing or
electricity. His father, a moonshiner, was violence-prone: Meadows still remembers when he went for a man with an ax
handle. Meadows quit school after the ninth grade and had his mother lie about his age so that he could join the Army.
"I wanted a home," he says, "and I thought it was a pretty good profession to be a soldier. "
The scrawny country boy was a natural. After a stint on KP to fatten
himself up to the 130-pound minimum, Meadows earned his parachute wings and joined the 82nd Airborne Division. In Korea
he became the youngest master sergeant in the war. But it was in Vietnam, as a member of the innocuously named Studies
and Observation Group (SOG), that Meadows discovered his true specialty--operating behind enemy lines. On his very first
mission into Laos in 1965 his reconnaissance team uncovered a cache of 75-mm howitzers on their way to the front from
North Vietnam. Meadows brought the percussion mechanisms back to Saigon and personally delivered to Gen. William Westmoreland
the first hard evidence of large-scale North Vietnamese infiltration into the South.
Meadows pursued the enemy with such ferocious single-mindedness that
he once fired at a fleeing North Vietnamese soldier, then tossed his weapon aside and swam across a river in pursuit.
"I couldn't stop myself," he says. Finding his quarry dead, the unarmed Meadows took the dead man's knife and went in
search of other hostages.
Fire Fight: On one occasion Meadows refused to let the Vietnamese and
Nung mercenaries on his eleven-man team go without him to rescue a downed Navy pilot inside North Vietnam--even though
U.S. soldiers were forbidden to go north of the DMZ. "It's an American pilot," Meadows said. "An American should go
after him." The brass relented, and Meadows inserted his team by helicopter in search of Lt. Deane Woods. Working his way
toward a ridge where Woods had last been spotted, Meadows ran into a patrol of four North Vietnamese soldiers. At a
distance of 10 yards, Meadows opened up with his Swedish "K" rifle, killing all four, but the burst of fire gave his position away,
and Meadows called in a chopper to extract his team.
After half of his men had been winched aboard, the chopper took a direct
hit to its left engine and was ditched safely at sea, leaving Meadows and four of his men surrounded by the North Vietnamese.
Hiding in a grove of dry bamboo, Meadows called in an A-1 Skyraider to buzz the area, making enough noise to cover his
movements through the dry brush until a second chopper could come to his rescue. Sixteen years later Meadows finally met
Woods, who was eventually taken prisoner, and presented the pilot with a revolver he had taken from the body of a North
Vietnamese soldier during the rescue attempt.
Meadows views that mission as his closest call, but it's hard to choose.
He returned from one fire fight with bullet holes in the pockets of his fatigues and the binoculars in his rucksack
smashed by an enemy round. One night in Laos, Meadows reconnoitered a "hot" spur of the Ho Chi Minh trail where he hoped
to capture some prisoners the next morning. Standing on a low cliff overhanging the trail, Meadows reached out and grabbed
a tree growing up from below. His weight bent the tree, allowing him to lean out farther over the trail. At that moment
four North Vietnamese soldiers rounded a bend in the trail and marched directly beneath the human arch of Dick Meadows. "If
they'd looked up, they would have seen me," Meadows recalls. The next morning Meadows went back to the cliff. When five
North Vietnamese halted directly below him, he stood up and intoned, "Good morning, gentlemen." Three of the soldiers
froze. A sergeant and a lieutenant went for their guns and were shot down in a burst of automatic fire. Meadows hustled
the others off the trail toward the helicopter pickup zone. In all, he would bring back thirteen prisoners from Laos,
providing crucial intelligence on enemy troop movements and plans that saved American lives.
'Letdown': Meadows's final mission in Vietnam came in 1970 as leader
of an assault team sent to rescue American POW's held at Son Tay, 23 miles outside Hanoi. The raid plan, which Meadows
helped formulate, is now considered a classic and was a model for the Israeli assault on the airport at Entebbe. The
raid was executed flawlessly, but unknown to U.S. intelligence the pilots had been moved four months earlier. Meadows was
never bitter about the fiasco, describing it only as "a total darn letdown." Perhaps it is best that Meadows doesn't
philosophize much beyond red, white and blue; so much of what he has risked his life for--from America's entire Vietnam
experience to the aborted Iranian mission--has ended in failure.
Meadows was not ready to retire when his 30 years were up in 1977. Nothing in
his career had prepared him for a quiet small town life in the Florida panhandle with his wife and teen-age children. Until
1980 he remained a civilian adviser to the Army's Delta anti-terrorist team, which led him to Teheran. Now 50 and on
his own, Meadows is still searching for the action that is his lifeblood. He signed on for a stint with Texas multimillionaire H.
Ross Perot but signed off when his principal mission turned out to be protecting Perot's daughters. Recently, when a plane
was hijacked in Honduras, Meadows chartered his own Learjet to fly in and volunteer his expertise. He wants to sell
his services to countries like El Salvador where he believes the United States is not doing enough to protect its interests.
"I can't close my eyes," he says, "and I feel that I'm skilled to do these things... The other motive is just
the excitement of it."
(Major Meadows died of Lukemia in 1995 and was awarded the President's
Citizen's Medal and the Special Operations Command Medal postumously on 13 Oct 2000.)
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